Unit 5 Mineral Resources Formation of Minerals: • Hot Magma – When heat and pressure transform one form of rock to another when the hot magma cools down mineral crystal start to become visible. • Mineral Rich Fluids – When mineral-rich fluids are evaporated. • Volcanic Rocks – When volcanic rocks are broken down by wind and water. • Many minerals form crystals. • If the crystals take too much time to form, they become gemstones. Processes of Mining Open Cast Mining: • Giant excavators and power shovels are used to mine minerals like iron and coal that are near the surface. Underground Mining: • There are two types of underground mining: - Adit Mining – On hillsides minerals are often exposed on a seam. Miners mines by creating a passage that can be horizontal or slop depending on the mineral seam angle. - Shaft Mining – To mine coal especially, vertical shafts are dug down first by miners and then horizontal tunnels are dug. Mineral s are then extracted from tunnels. Problems Faced by Miners: • There are many problems that miners face including: • Flooding. • The fall of tunnel walls. • Leakage of poisonous and dangerous gases. • Explosions. • Ventilation shortage. • Underground transport. Types of Minerals Metallic Minerals: • These minerals are more valuable. • They are usually shiny, hard and tough. • They can change shape without breaking. • They are malleable. • Many of the metallic minerals are good electricity conductors. • They are reactive with acid and water. • Examples of metallic minerals are copper, iron, silver, gold, tin, etc. Non-Metallic Minerals: • They are less valuable. • They do not shine, are rough and soft. • If their shape is shaped, they can break down. • They are not malleable. • They are bad electricity conductors. • They are less reactive with water and acid. • Examples of non-metallic minerals are coal, Sulphur, gypsum, limestone, marble, etc. Advantages and Shortcomings of Mining: Advantages: • It will create more employment. • It will increase export. • It will increase foreign trade. • It will make Pakistan self-sufficient and there will be less import needed in minerals like limestone. • There will be improved roads and communication in Balochistan. • Advancement in mining machinery. • There will be more industries. Shortcomings: • There are not many skilled individuals. • For modern technology, Pakistan will require to import machinery. • The development of the mining industry will increase pollution. • Pakistan has an investment shortage. Effects of Mining on Environment: • There will be more soil exposure because of vegetation cut down. • Land pollution will be increased because of mining waster. • Noise pollution will be increased because of blasts. • Water pollution will be increased because of mineral waste. How are minerals formed? Mineral processes Types of Minerals Uses of Minerals Advantages and shortcomings of mining Problems Mining effects #geography #pakstudies #minerals #mineralresources #2059 #2059/2 #wsstudio #olevel #unit5 #pakstudiesmcqs #geographyofpakistan #metalic #nonmetalic #gypsum #rocks #balochistan #kpk unit 9 Industrial Development https://youtu.be/7LjMa2z2Bso